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The Direct Material Inputs into Singapore's Development.
Journal of Industrial Ecology
|April 28, 2020
Summary
Rapid urbanization in cities increases environmental impact. Singapore
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Urban Ecology
- Industrial Ecology
Background:
- Urbanization concentrates human population and socioeconomic activity.
- Understanding environmental consequences of urban growth is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze direct material flows in Singapore over 41 years.
- To assess the environmental impact of rapid, export-driven industrialization.
Main Methods:
- Compiled a 41-year annual time series of direct material flows.
- Analyzed data for Singapore, a case of fast industrialization.
Main Results:
- Singapore's economic growth (20x) correlated with domestic material consumption (DMC) expansion.
- DMC increased from under 4 to over 50 tonnes per capita (1962-2000).
- No significant improvement in material productivity observed despite economic shifts.
Conclusions:
- Economic growth in rapidly industrializing cities is tightly coupled with material consumption.
- Urbanization and industrialization drive significant increases in resource use.
- Policies are needed to decouple economic growth from material consumption.

