Episiotomy: history, present and future - a review

Area of Science:

• Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Surgical Procedures
• Women's Health

Background:

• Childbirth inherently causes physical stress to the maternal body.
• Episiotomy has been a common obstetric intervention to mitigate perineal trauma during delivery.
• The practice of episiotomy is subject to ongoing debate regarding its risks and benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the historical context and evolution of episiotomy.
• To examine the various techniques, indications, and controversies surrounding episiotomy.
• To explore future trends and research needs in episiotomy practice.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of scientific articles on episiotomy.
• Analysis of historical data and current practices.
• Synthesis of evidence on risks, benefits, and alternative techniques.

Main Results:

• The scientific literature supports the selective, rather than routine, use of episiotomy.
• Global efforts are underway to decrease episiotomy rates.
• New techniques are emerging, but their effectiveness requires further validation.

Conclusions:

• Selective episiotomy remains a justifiable practice when indicated.
• Further research is essential to confirm the efficacy of novel techniques aimed at reducing episiotomy rates.
• The future of episiotomy involves refining techniques and evidence-based application to minimize maternal trauma.