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Subliminal perception refers to the processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. Researchers study subliminal perception by presenting a stimulus, such as a word or image, very quickly, typically around 50 milliseconds. This rapid presentation is often followed by another stimulus, such as a pattern of dots or lines, which blocks further mental processing of the initial stimulus. As a result, if participants cannot identify the initial stimulus better...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization
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Subliminal affective priming changes the 'feeling' towards neutral objects in infancy.

Elena Nava1,2, Chiara Turati1,2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca , Italy.

Social Neuroscience
|April 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infants show physiological arousal changes when exposed to subliminal emotional faces, indicating early unconscious emotional learning. This unconscious learning may influence later explicit behaviors as brain connections develop.

Keywords:
Subliminal affective primingdevelopmentemotionsinfancylearningskin conductance

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Affective Science

Background:

  • Unconscious influences shape everyday preferences and judgments.
  • Emotional stimuli, particularly faces, significantly modulate affective judgments at behavioral and neural levels.
  • Subliminal affective priming is a key paradigm for studying unconscious emotional processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if emotional unconscious learning is a fundamental aspect of human development.
  • To examine infants' responses to subliminal emotional face priming.
  • To determine if early emotional unconscious learning impacts physiological and behavioral outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A subliminal affective priming task was administered to 3-month-old infants.
  • Infants were exposed to subliminal happy, angry, neutral, or scrambled faces.
  • Physiological arousal (skin conductance) and behavioral responses (looking times) to subsequent neutral objects were measured.

Main Results:

  • Infants exhibited changes in arousal to neutral objects after subliminal priming with emotional faces, especially anger.
  • Priming with neutral or scrambled faces did not elicit significant arousal changes.
  • Observed physiological changes only partially correlated with explicit behavioral measures (looking times).

Conclusions:

  • Unconscious emotional learning is present in early human development.
  • Infants demonstrate physiological sensitivity to subliminal emotional cues.
  • The influence of unconscious emotional learning on explicit behavior may mature with strengthened neural connectivity.