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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.3K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.3K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

20.3K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
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High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

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Structural Ordering in Liquid Gallium under Extreme Conditions.

James W E Drewitt1, Francesco Turci2, Benedict J Heinen1

  • 1School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|April 28, 2020
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Summary

High pressure and temperature studies reveal liquid gallium

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the behavior of liquid metals under extreme conditions is crucial for various industrial applications.
  • Gallium's unique properties make it an interesting subject for high pressure-temperature studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the atomic-scale structure, melting curve, and equation of state of liquid gallium.
  • To provide detailed insights into liquid gallium's behavior at high pressures and temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction was employed to measure structural properties up to 26 GPa and 900 K.
  • Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were performed up to 33.4 GPa and 1000 K.

Main Results:

  • Experimental and simulation results showed excellent agreement.
  • An increase in the average coordination number of gallium atoms was observed with increasing pressure.
  • High pressure and temperature conditions revealed increasing fractions of fivefold symmetric and crystalline motifs.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid gallium lacks dimeric bonding and its structure evolves towards a hard-sphere model, though deviations remain significant.
  • Specific structural motifs correlate with low local two-body excess entropy at high pressures and temperatures.