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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Semi-automatic PD-L1 Characterization and Enumeration of Circulating Tumor Cells from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients by Immunofluorescence
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Oligoprogressive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer under Treatment with PD-(L)1 Inhibitors.

Stephan Rheinheimer1,2, Claus-Peter Heussel1,2,3, Philipp Mayer1,2

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Summary

Oligoprogression (OPD) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is less common but more favorable with immunotherapy (IO) than targeted therapy (TKI). Early detection through restaging is crucial for optimal treatment.

Keywords:
chemoimmunotherapyimmunotherapylocal therapynon-small-cell lung canceroligoprogression

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) research

Background:

  • Oligoprogression (OPD) is a pattern of limited metastatic spread in cancer.
  • Targeted therapies (TKI) for NSCLC are associated with OPD in about half of patients.
  • The behavior of OPD under immunotherapy (IO) for NSCLC requires characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize oligoprogression (OPD) patterns in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors or chemoimmunotherapy.
  • To compare OPD characteristics between IO and TKI treatments.
  • To evaluate the prognostic implications of OPD under IO.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 297 patients on IO monotherapy and 75 on chemoimmunotherapy.
  • Comparison of OPD incidence, timing, affected sites, and lesion count.
  • Analysis of survival outcomes and correlation with PD-L1 expression.

Main Results:

  • OPD was more frequent (20% vs 10%), later (11 vs 5 months), and involved fewer sites/lesions under IO monotherapy compared to later lines.
  • Mediastinal lymph nodes (42%) and brain (39%) were the most common sites of OPD.
  • OPD under IO was associated with longer survival (26 vs 13 months) and higher PD-L1 expression compared to multifocal progression.

Conclusions:

  • NSCLC oligoprogression is less common but more favorable under immunotherapy (IO) than targeted therapy (TKI).
  • The incidence of OPD decreases in later treatment lines.
  • Regular restaging and multidisciplinary assessment are essential for managing NSCLC oligoprogression effectively.