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An update on extravasation: basic knowledge for clinical pharmacists.

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This study outlines a management strategy for extravasation, the leakage of intravenous drugs into tissues. It highlights the importance of drug properties like pH and osmolality for patient safety and provides a practical guide for pharmacists.

Keywords:
IV administrationclinical pharmacydrug administration (others)education & training (see medical education & training)health & safety

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Patient Safety

Background:

  • Extravasation, the leakage of intravenous solutions into surrounding tissues, poses a significant risk of patient harm.
  • The severity of extravasation injury is influenced by the location and volume of the leaked solution, as well as the inherent physicochemical properties of the administered drugs.
  • Effective management strategies are crucial to mitigate patient damage from extravasation events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a stepwise approach for managing extravasation injuries.
  • To define the role of the pharmacist in the management of extravasation.
  • To elucidate the impact of drug physicochemical properties on extravasation severity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical guidelines on extravasation management.
  • Analysis of the influence of drug properties such as osmolality, pH, pKa, and buffering capacity.
  • Development of a practical clinical management guide (crash card).

Main Results:

  • A structured, stepwise approach to extravasation management is presented.
  • Physicochemical properties (osmolality, pH, pKa, buffering capacity) are identified as critical factors in extravasation outcomes.
  • Recommendations are provided for the pharmacist's role in prevention, recognition, and management.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach, considering drug properties, can improve extravasation management.
  • Pharmacists play a vital role in mitigating the impact of extravasation.
  • The developed crash card serves as a valuable tool for immediate clinical decision-making.