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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

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Integrative functional genomics decodes herpes simplex virus 1.

Adam W Whisnant1, Christopher S Jürges1, Thomas Hennig1

  • 1Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 7, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.

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|April 29, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers mapped the complete herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) transcriptome and proteome during infection, discovering 46 new large open reading frames (ORFs) and understanding how protein variants affect virus function.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) has approximately 80 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) that have been extensively studied.
  • Decades of research have focused on understanding the complex genetic makeup and protein expression of HSV-1.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively map the complete viral transcriptome and translatome of HSV-1 during lytic infection with base-pair resolution.
  • To identify novel ORFs and understand the mechanisms behind the translation of known and new viral proteins.
  • To provide a comprehensive resource for HSV-1 research, including a genome browser for data visualization.

Main Methods:

  • Computational integration of multi-omics data to analyze viral gene expression.
  • Identification and characterization of viral transcripts and open reading frames (ORFs).
  • Analysis of transcript isoforms, N-terminal extensions (NTEs), and their role in protein localization and packaging.

Main Results:

  • A total of 201 transcripts and 284 ORFs were identified, including 46 novel large ORFs.
  • A previously unknown ORF was discovered in a locus deleted in the Imlygic oncolytic virus.
  • Multiple transcript isoforms explain the translation of most ORFs, including N-terminal extensions (NTEs) and truncations.
  • NTEs with non-canonical start codons were shown to regulate the subcellular localization and packaging of viral proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a high-resolution map of the HSV-1 transcriptome and translatome during lytic infection.
  • The findings reveal novel viral genes and explain the extensive protein diversity arising from alternative translation.
  • This work expands the nomenclature for HSV-1 gene products and offers a valuable data visualization tool for the research community.