Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract I: Health History
Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity
Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract
Sputum Studies I: Gram Stain, cytology, and Acid-fast smear and culture
Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway
Assessment of Respiration
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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published on: November 7, 2020
A Mawaddah1, H S Gendeh, S G Lum
1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Malaysia. marinamatbaki@ppukm.ukm.edu.my.
For COVID-19 diagnosis, throat washing samples show higher viral load and sensitivity than nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs, especially within the first week of symptom onset. Consider throat washing for improved diagnostic accuracy.
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