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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Scapular Dyskinesis: From Basic Science to Ultimate Treatment.

Umile Giuseppe Longo1, Laura Risi Ambrogioni1, Alessandra Berton1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|April 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is increasingly common in shoulder conditions, often linked to rotator cuff issues. While clinical assessment is challenging, precision rehabilitation protocols may help manage SD and improve shoulder biomechanics.

Keywords:
arthroscopybiomechanicsrotator cuffscapulascapular dyskinesisshoulder

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is a growing concern in patients with shoulder pathologies.
  • SD can be a cause or consequence of shoulder degenerative conditions.
  • It often presents as a protracted scapula during arm movement or at rest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the causes, clinical examination, and treatments for scapular dyskinesis.
  • To explore the potential of precision rehabilitation protocols for managing SD based on clinical findings.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, EMBASE).
  • Keywords included "Rotator cuff", "Scapula", "Scapular Dyskinesis", "Shoulder", "Biomechanics", and "Arthroscopy".

Main Results:

  • SD incidence is rising, even without a direct, specific injury.
  • Multiple factors can cause SD, or it can initiate shoulder pathologies.
  • The study highlights the difficulty in clinically evaluating altered shoulder kinematics due to anatomical and functional limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical assessment of scapular motion is complex, lacking quantitative tools.
  • Further high-quality trials are needed to correlate SD patterns with specific shoulder pathologies and altered kinematics.