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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Mixed Reality Technology and Three-Dimensional Printing in Teaching: Heart Anatomy as an Example
06:18

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Published on: April 18, 2025

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Three-dimensional printing in anatomy teaching: current evidence.

Dimitrios Chytas1, Elizabeth O Johnson1,2, Maria Piagkou2

  • 1School of Medicine, European University of Cyprus, 6, Diogenous Str, Engomi, 2404, Nicosia, Cyprus.

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA
|April 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) shows promise in anatomy education, outperforming 2D images. However, more research is needed to compare 3DP with cadaver dissection for a greater role in teaching human anatomy.

Keywords:
Anatomy educationMedical educationReviewThree-dimensional printing

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Anatomy Pedagogy
  • Educational Technology

Background:

  • Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is an emerging technology with potential applications in medical education.
  • Its role in enhancing the learning of complex human anatomy requires thorough investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the existing literature on the effectiveness of 3DP in human anatomy education.
  • To assess the extent to which current evidence supports 3DP's role in undergraduate anatomy teaching.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, ERIC, and Cochrane databases.
  • Eligible studies focused on 3DP implementation in undergraduate human anatomy education, extracting data on study design, participant numbers, and learning outcomes.
  • Outcomes assessed included anatomical knowledge, skills acquisition, and student perceptions.

Main Results:

  • Eight studies were included, all comparing 3DP with other teaching methods.
  • Three-dimensional printing demonstrated statistically significant superiority over two-dimensional images for learning anatomical knowledge and skills.
  • No studies directly compared the educational effectiveness of 3DP with cadaver dissection.

Conclusions:

  • Three-dimensional printing shows promising results as a supplementary tool in anatomy education.
  • A significant gap exists in research comparing 3DP directly with cadaver dissection.
  • Further investigation is warranted to determine if 3DP can achieve a more prominent role than existing anatomy teaching modalities.