Class-selective voltammetric determination of hydroxycinnamic acids structural analogs using a WS₂/catechin-capped...

A high-performance screen-printed electrode (SPE) based nanocomposite sensor integrating tungsten disulfide (WS₂) flakes decorated with catechin-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNP-CT) and carbon black (CB) has been developed. The excellent antifouling properties of WS₂ decorated with AuNP-CT into a high conductivity network of CB results in high selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility for the simultaneous determination of hydroxycinnamic acid (hCN) structural analogs: caffeic (CF), sinapic (SP), and p-coumaric acids (CM). Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the target hCNs resulted in three well-resolved oxidation peaks at SPE-CB-WS₂/AuNP-CT sensor. Excellent antifouling performance (RSD i_p,a ≤ 3%, n = 15 for three analytes' simultaneous measure) and low detection limits (CF 0.10 μmol L^-1; SP, 0.40 μmol L^-1; CM, 0.40 μmol L^-1) are obtained despite the analyzed compounds having a high passivation tendency towards carbon-based sensors. The SPE-CB-WS₂/AuNP-CT sensor was successfully applied to determine CF, SP, and CM in food samples with good precision (RSD ≤ 4%, n = 3) and recoveries (86-109%; RSD ≤ 5%, n = 3). The proposed sensor is the first example exploiting the simultaneous determination of these compounds in food samples. Given its excellent electrochemical performance, low cost, disposability, and ease of use, this SPE-CB-WS₂/AuNP-CT nanocomposite sensor represents a powerful candidate for the realization of electrochemical devices for the determination of (bio)compounds with high passivation tendency. Graphical abstract.