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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.

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Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Published on: April 27, 2018

Fast Hydrocarbon Oxidation by a High-Valent Nickel-Fluoride Complex.

Prasenjit Mondal¹, Marta Lovisari¹, Brendan Twamley¹

¹School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|April 30, 2020

Summary

High-valent nickel-fluoride complexes demonstrate potent oxidizing capabilities. These novel compounds facilitate efficient hydrocarbon oxidation and fluorination via a hydrogen atom transfer mechanism.

Keywords:

fluorination high-valent oxidants metal-oxo species oxidation catalysis reactive intermediates

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Last Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

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Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

Published on: February 19, 2018

Area of Science:

Inorganic Chemistry
Oxidation Chemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Development of potent oxidants is crucial for chemical synthesis.
High-valent metal-fluoride complexes are explored as potential reactive species.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a high-valent nickel-fluoride complex.
To evaluate its efficacy as an oxidant for hydrocarbon transformations.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of nickel-fluoride complexes [Ni^II (F)(L)]^- (1) and [Ni^III (F)(L)] (2).
Characterization using NMR, UV-vis, EPR, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography.
Kinetic studies and product analysis for oxidation reactions.

Main Results:

Complex 2, a high-valent Ni-F complex, was successfully prepared and characterized.
Complex 2 exhibited high reactivity as an oxidant, particularly in hydrocarbon oxidation.
A hydrogen atom transfer mechanism was identified, with significant rate enhancements compared to related chloro-complexes.

Conclusions:

High-valent metal-fluorides represent a promising class of potent oxidants.
Complex 2 serves as an effective catalyst for hydrocarbon oxidation and fluorination.
These findings offer a new avenue for designing catalysts in oxidation and fluorination chemistry.