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Related Concept Videos

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement01:21

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement

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The Cope rearrangement is classified as a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-dienes, leading to a more stable, isomeric 1,5-diene. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six electrons, four from two π bonds and two from a σ bond, via an energetically favorable chair-like transition state.
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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
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Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

6.6K
Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
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In-situ Hybridization02:31

In-situ Hybridization

10.3K
In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique used to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissue, or tissue sections using a labeled probe. The technique was first used in 1969 for the investigation of nucleic acids. It is currently an essential tool in scientific research and clinical settings, especially for diagnostic purposes.
Types of probes and labels
A probe is a complementary strand of DNA or RNA that binds to corresponding nucleotide sequences in a cell. Many...
10.3K
Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis01:21

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

1.4K
Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
GC–MS is a powerful hyphenated method commonly used in forensics and environmental...
1.4K
Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

2.0K
The protons in unsubstituted alkanes are strongly shielded with chemical shifts below 1.8 ppm. Methine, methylene, and methyl protons appear at approximately 1.7, 1.2 and 0.7 ppm, while the proton signal from methane appears at 0.23 ppm. An electronegative substituent, such as chlorine, withdraws the electron density from the protons, increasing their chemical shift. Progressive substitution of the hydrogens in methane by chlorine shifts the proton signals increasingly downfield, to 3.05 ppm in...
2.0K

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Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: Soybean Hairy Root Transformation for the Analysis of Gene Function
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Compositional analysis of soybean event IND-ØØ41Ø-5.

Mariana V Chiozza1,2, Moisés Burachik1, Patricia V Miranda1,3

  • 1Instituto De Agrobiotecnología Rosario (INDEAR) , Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.

GM Crops & Food
|May 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Genetically modified HB4® soybean, containing the HaHB4 gene, shows improved yield under drought conditions. Compositional analysis confirmed it is equivalent to conventional soybean varieties.

Keywords:
HB4 soybeanIND-ØØ41Ø-5compositional analysisdrought tolerant soybeantransgenic soybean

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Plant Biotechnology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Soybean is a vital global source of protein and oil.
  • Water scarcity significantly limits soybean yield potential.
  • Developing stress-tolerant soybean varieties is crucial for food security.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the yield performance of HB4® soybean (event IND-ØØ41Ø-5) under environmental stress.
  • To assess the compositional equivalence of HB4® soybean compared to its conventional counterpart.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of the sunflower HaHB4 gene into soybean.
  • Field trials to compare yield of HB4® soybean and parental control under varying conditions.
  • Comprehensive compositional analysis of soybean grain and forage.

Main Results:

  • HB4® soybean demonstrated higher yield in low-potential environments compared to the parental control.
  • Compositional analysis of 44 grain components and 9 forage components showed equivalence.
  • Soybean event IND-ØØ41Ø-5 maintained yield under environmental stress.

Conclusions:

  • The HaHB4 gene confers enhanced yield and stress tolerance in soybean.
  • HB4® soybean (event IND-ØØ41Ø-5) is compositionally equivalent to conventional soybean.
  • This technology offers a promising solution for sustainable soybean production under environmental challenges.