An insight into different phenomena involved in continuous extrusion foaming of biodegradable poly(lactic...

The continuous extrusion foaming of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has several critical drawbacks that crucially limit the substitution of the renewable foams for the extruded foams based on synthetic plastics. In this work, the foamability of PLA melt through a twin-screw extrusion process was improved by using expanded graphite (EG) nanoplatelets having different aspect ratios and loadings along with an organic peroxide. Morphological observations demonstrated the beneficial influences of adding nanofiller, which resulted in the formation of microcellular foams with larger void content and cell densities. Different phenomena, which are involved in the extrusion foaming of PLA melt, are considerably affected by the presence of EG including rheological behavior, PLA crystallization, thermal chain scission of the matrix, chain extension function of the peroxide and thermal decomposition of foaming agent. To correlate the phenomena affected by EG nanofiller with foam morphology, the linear viscoelastic responses, molecular weight, crystallization kinetics and structural properties of PLA and PLA/EG nanocomposites were evaluated.