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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

228
This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
228
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

667
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
667
Design Example: Aggregate Gradation01:24

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

260
The right type and quality of aggregates are crucial for concrete as they significantly influence its properties, mix proportions, and cost-effectiveness. If different sources are available for sand, the commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, the selection of sand is primarily based on its gradation.
The grading, or particle-size distribution, of sand is determined using sieve analysis, with standard sizes ranging from 150 μm to 10 mm (ASTM No. 100 sieve to 3⁄8 in. sieve). Sand is...
260
Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

395
Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
395
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

430
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
430
Aggregate Cement Ratio01:21

Aggregate Cement Ratio

477
The Aggregate Cement ratio refers to the weight of aggregate divided by the weight of cement in a concrete mix. Altering this ratio has profound effects on the concrete's properties. This ratio plays a pivotal role in determining the strength, workability, and durability of concrete. When the Aggregate Cement ratio is higher, the mix is leaner, meaning it has less cement paste to lubricate the aggregate, potentially making the concrete less workable. Such mixes, known as lean, enhance the...
477

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Operation of the Collaborative Composite Manufacturing CCM System
10:09

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Solving the clinker dilemma with hybrid output-based allocation.

Frédéric Branger1,2, Misato Sato3,4

  • 11CIRED, 45 bis, avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.

Climatic Change
|May 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Output-based allocation (OBA) can address carbon leakage in emissions trading. A new hybrid OBA design incentivizes cement producers to cut emissions intensity without offshoring, but is a mid-term solution.

Keywords:
Carbon CostCarbon IntensityCarbon LeakageCarbon PriceEmission Trade System

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Economics
  • Climate Policy
  • Industrial Ecology

Background:

  • Carbon leakage is a significant concern in emissions trading systems.
  • Output-based allocation (OBA) is a proposed policy to mitigate this issue.
  • The cement sector faces unique challenges in decarbonization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the impact of different OBA designs on mitigation and trade incentives within the cement sector.
  • To propose and evaluate a novel 'hybrid OBA' design.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an analytical model for sector emissions based on abatement levers.
  • Qualitative assessment of hybrid OBA feasibility through expert interviews.

Main Results:

  • The proposed hybrid OBA design incentivizes reduced carbon intensity without production offshoring.
  • Expert interviews suggest technical and administrative barriers to hybrid OBA are manageable.
  • OBA, in general, does not incentivize reduced cement consumption or radical low-carbon technology development.

Conclusions:

  • Hybrid OBA offers a viable mid-term solution for addressing carbon leakage in the cement sector.
  • More robust anti-leakage measures are needed for deep decarbonization.
  • Future policies must address cement consumption and technological innovation.