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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Real-time Visualization and Analysis of Chondrocyte Injury Due to Mechanical Loading in Fully Intact Murine Cartilage Explants
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Instability and excessive mechanical loading mediate subchondral bone changes to induce osteoarthritis.

Jianxi Zhu1,2, Yong Zhu1,2, Wenfeng Xiao1,2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.

Annals of Translational Medicine
|May 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Osteoarthritis (OA) develops differently in affected and opposite knees after anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). The ACLT knee shows rapid cartilage loss and bone changes, while the other knee compensates but eventually fails.

Keywords:
Osteoarthritis (OA)contralateral sidemechanical loadingsubchondral bone

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Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Skeletal Biology

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) involves subchondral bone remodeling due to mechanical factors.
  • OA progression typically affects both joints, necessitating study of ipsilateral and contralateral knee changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate how mechanical instability and loading impact subchondral bone in OA.
  • To investigate cartilage degeneration and OA progression in both knees after injury.

Main Methods:

  • Induced OA in mice via anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT).
  • Analyzed subchondral bone using micro-CT and immunostaining (TRAP, Osterix).
  • Assessed pain and gait using von Frey and CatWalk tests; analyzed signaling pathways via Western blot.

Main Results:

  • Ipsilateral knees showed rapid cartilage destruction and early bone remodeling with decreased bone volume.
  • Contralateral knees exhibited gradual cartilage loss and bone density increase (sclerosis).
  • Contralateral knees initially compensated for mechanical loading, but this compensatory mechanism failed in later stages.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical loading variations drive OA progression via distinct subchondral bone remodeling pathways.
  • ACLT-induced OA involves bone density reduction, whereas contralateral knee OA develops through subchondral bone sclerosis.