The pig as a model for immunology research.

Area of Science:

• Comparative immunology
• Animal models in biomedical research
• Translational medicine

Background:

• Pigs are omnivorous, monogastric animals with anatomical and immunological similarities to humans.
• The porcine immune system shares over 80% of analyzed parameters with humans, unlike rodents (~10%).
• Pigs are easily bred and present fewer ethical concerns than other research animals like dogs or monkeys.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the advantages of pigs as animal models for human diseases.
• To highlight the immunological similarities and practical benefits of using pigs in research.
• To discuss diverse applications of pigs in biomedical research, including immunology, disease modeling, and xenotransplantation.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on porcine models.
• Comparison of porcine and human immune system characteristics.
• Discussion of various research applications, including gnotobiotic studies, immune engineering, and xenotransplantation.

Main Results:

• Pigs exhibit significant anatomical and immunological parallels with humans, particularly in the immune system.
• Availability of specialized pig models (minipigs, gnotobiotic pigs, genetically modified pigs) enhances research capabilities.
• Pigs serve as valuable models for studying microbiota, probiotics, immune system functions, and organ transplantation.

Conclusions:

• Pigs are highly suitable animal models for a wide range of human diseases and biomedical research.
• Their immunological and anatomical congruence with humans, coupled with practical advantages, makes them indispensable for future medical advancements.
• Pigs are crucial for developing new therapies, understanding disease mechanisms, and addressing organ shortages through xenotransplantation.