Emerging technologies in pediatrics: the paradigm of neonatal diabetes mellitus

In the era of precision medicine, the tremendous progress in next-generation sequencing technologies has allowed the identification of an ever-increasing number of genes associated with known Mendelian disorders. Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a rare, genetically heterogeneous endocrine disorder diagnosed before 6 months of age. It may occur alone or in the context of genetic syndromes. Neonatal diabetes mellitus has been linked with genetic defects in at least 26 genes to date. Novel mutations in these disease-causing genes are being reported, giving us a better knowledge of the molecular events that occur upon insulin biosynthesis and secretion from the pancreatic β-cell. Of great importance, some of the identified genes encode proteins that can be therapeutically targeted by drugs per os, leading to transitioning from insulin to sulfonylureas. In this review, we provide an overview of pancreatic β-cell physiology, present the clinical manifestations and the genetic causes of the different forms of neonatal diabetes, and discuss the application of next-generation sequencing methods in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of neonatal diabetes and on research in this area.