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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification01:27

Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification

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Adrenergic receptors, or adrenoceptors, respond to the autonomic neurotransmitter noradrenaline and other endogenous catecholamine agonists. They are classified into two main families, α and β, based on their pharmacological response and are further subdivided depending on their location, elicited response, and affinity to specific agonists or antagonists.
α-Adrenoceptors
α-Adrenoceptors are classified into two main subtypes: α1 and α2. The α1 adrenoceptors,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Functioning and nonfunctioning adrenal medullary tumors.

Noriko Kimura1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.

Endocrine Pathology
|May 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Adrenal tumors, including pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas, are neuroendocrine tumors that can be diagnosed using specific markers. Understanding their hormone production mechanisms, potentially influenced by microenvironment, is key.

Keywords:
Adrenal MedullaMultiple Endocrine NeoplasiaMultiple Endocrine Neoplasia TypeVasoactive Intestinal PeptideWatery Diarrhea

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands
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Related Experiment Videos

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands
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Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Advanced imaging incidentally detects adrenal tumors, including functioning and non-functioning types.
  • Pheochromocytomas and neuroblastoma group tumors are key neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal medulla.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review diagnostic markers and mechanisms of hormone production in adrenal medullary tumors.
  • To explore factors influencing gene expression and cell behavior in these tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry for neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin A, synaptophysin, neurofilament proteins).
  • Analysis of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes and peptide hormone production (mRNA, radioimmunoassay).
  • Utilizing the NB-1 neuroblastoma cell line to model hormone production.

Main Results:

  • Adrenal medullary tumors express various neuroendocrine markers and peptide hormones.
  • Excessive peptide hormone production is not always clinically apparent.
  • NB-1 cells demonstrate inducible peptide hormone production and morphological changes upon stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • Microenvironmental changes appear to regulate gene expression and hormone production in adrenal tumors.
  • Oncogenes, growth factors, and chromosomal abnormalities are potential tumorigenic factors.
  • Further research into molecular mechanisms is crucial for understanding adrenal tumor development.