Obesity reduces mammary epithelial cell TGFβ1 activity through macrophage-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling

Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal and high-risk premenopausal women. Changes within the obese breast microenvironment may increase breast cancer risk. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1) is a major regulator of mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cells, and its activity is dysregulated under conditions of obesity. Using a high-fat diet model of obesity in mice and breast tissue from women, we observed that TGFβ1 activity is reduced in breast epithelial cells in obesity. Breast ducts and lobules demonstrated increased decorin in the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding epithelial cells, and we observed that decorin and latent TGFβ1 complexed together. Under conditions of obesity, macrophages expressed higher levels of decorin and were significantly increased in number surrounding breast epithelial cells. To investigate the relationship between macrophages and decorin expression, we treated obese mice with either IgG control or anti-F4/80 antibodies to deplete macrophages. Mice treated with anti-F4/80 antibodies demonstrated reduced decorin surrounding mammary ducts and enhanced TGFβ1 activity within mammary epithelial cells. Given the role of TGFβ1 as a tumor suppressor, reduced epithelial TGFβ1 activity and enhanced TGFβ1 within the ECM of obese mammary tissue may enhance breast cancer risk.