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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells
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Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

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Distinct metabolic pathways mediate regulatory T cell differentiation and function.

Hisashi Hashimoto1, Oliver McCallion1, Rosalie W M Kempkes1

  • 1Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.

Immunology Letters
|May 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) exhibit unique metabolic profiles, differing in vivo and ex vivo. Metabolic conditions impact Treg function, offering therapeutic insights for immune disorders and cancer.

Keywords:
HypoxiaImmunometabolismRegulatory T cellsTolerancemTOR

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • T cell biology

Background:

  • Immunometabolism, the study of immune cell metabolism, is crucial for understanding and manipulating T cell functions.
  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are vital for immune suppression, with their metabolic characteristics being a key area of research.
  • Standard T cells shift to aerobic glycolysis upon activation, but Tregs show distinct metabolic patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the field of immunometabolism with a specific focus on regulatory T cells (Tregs).
  • To explore the unique metabolic pathways of Tregs and their implications for specialized functions.
  • To discuss the context-dependent nature of Treg metabolism in vivo versus ex vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on Treg immunometabolism.
  • Analysis of recent data on Treg metabolic pathways in different environments.
  • Examination of the relationship between metabolic conditions and Treg differentiation, function, expansion, and migration.

Main Results:

  • In vitro-induced Tregs display distinct metabolic profiles compared to activated conventional T cells.
  • Treg metabolism differs significantly between in vivo and ex vivo settings.
  • Metabolic stress, such as impaired glycolysis, enhances Treg differentiation and function but limits expansion and migration.

Conclusions:

  • Treg immunometabolism is complex and context-dependent, with significant in vivo/ex vivo differences.
  • Metabolic harshness plays a critical role in Treg behavior, influencing their specialized suppressive functions.
  • Understanding Treg immunometabolism offers potential therapeutic strategies for autoimmunity and cancer immunology.