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Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...

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Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization

Published on: September 20, 2024

COVID-19 Presenting with Seizures.

Sandeep Sohal¹, Mossammat Mansur¹

¹The Brooklyn Hospital Center, 121 Dekalb, Ave Brooklyn, NY, United States.

|May 5, 2020

Summary

This case report details a male patient experiencing new-onset seizures and respiratory failure, potentially linked to COVID-19 encephalitis. The study reviews laboratory and neurological findings, highlighting a rare neurological complication of the virus.

Keywords:

COVID 19 Pandemic SARS SARS CoV-2 coronavirus novel coronavirus

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Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

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Published on: July 8, 2025

Area of Science:

Neurology
Infectious Diseases
Critical Care Medicine

Background:

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) has been associated with various neurological complications.
Encephalitis, inflammation of the brain, is a serious but less common manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Observation:

A male patient with no prior seizure history presented with respiratory failure and subsequently developed multiple seizure episodes.
Initial presentation required transfer to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for advanced respiratory support.

Findings:

Laboratory values and detailed neurological investigations were performed.
The case report includes a review of existing literature on COVID-19-associated encephalitis.

Implications:

This case contributes to understanding the spectrum of neurological manifestations of COVID-19.
Highlights the importance of considering viral encephalitis in patients with severe COVID-19 and new-onset seizures.
Underscores the need for prompt neurological evaluation and management in critical care settings for COVID-19 patients.