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Related Concept Videos

Gross Anatomy of the Liver01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Liver

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The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
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Liver Histology01:27

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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

A Standardized Method for the Analysis of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells and Their Fenestrations by Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Liver morphology: anatomical study about the outer aspects.

Phalguni Srimani1, Anubha Saha2,3

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Calcutta National Medical College, 32, Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700014, West Bengal, India.

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA
|May 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzed 110 cadaveric livers, revealing significant hepatic surface variations in over 70% of specimens. Understanding these anatomical anomalies is crucial for successful hepatobiliary surgery and minimizing complications.

Keywords:
Clinico-anatomical correlationLiverMorphologyVariation

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Surgical Anatomy
  • Hepatic Morphology

Background:

  • Hepatobiliary surgery is advancing globally with improved liver imaging.
  • Accurate interpretation of radiological images and surgical procedures requires precise hepatic surface anatomy.
  • Morphological variations of the liver are common, posing challenges for surgeons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine liver surface anatomy and document unusual configurations.
  • To correlate anatomical findings with clinical implications.
  • To compare current findings with existing literature on liver morphology.

Main Methods:

  • A study of 110 formalin-fixed adult cadaveric livers was conducted.
  • Livers were examined for pathological lesions or damage.
  • Morphological variations were classified using Netter's criteria and additional subtypes.

Main Results:

  • Classical wedge-shaped livers were observed in 57.3% of specimens.
  • 70.9% of livers exhibited morphological variations in shape, fissures, lobes, or processes.
  • Combinations of variations, including pons hepatis (35.5%), were frequently noted.

Conclusions:

  • Awareness of hepatic surface variations is essential for successful hepatobiliary surgery.
  • Understanding anatomical anomalies aids in planning surgical procedures.
  • Minimizing complications in hepatobiliary surgery relies on knowledge of liver variations.