Thermal treatment stimulus on erythrocyte compatibility and hemostatic behavior of one-dimensional bioactive...

This study identifies the role and significance of heat treatment parameters on blood compatibility and hemostatic performances. Bioactive nanomaterials step annealed at 550 and 600°C enhances the biocompatibility due to the liberation of nitrate content. This also develops the anisotropic structures such as needle-like and rod-like appearances that positively improve the erythrocyte compatibility. Different stable crystalline phases such as NaCaPO₄ , Na₂ Ca₂ Si₃ O₉ , and Na_1.8 Ca_1.1 Si₆ O₁₄ were observed for all the bioactive materials, whereas in the case of 800°C, phase transition of Na₃ CaPSiO₇ was perceived along with P₂ O₅ . Alternatively, morphology varied from cubical (600°C) to rod-like (step annealing) and further turned toward flake-like (800°C) structures. Step-annealing process decomposed the nitrate groups as well as maintained the glass network without altering the crystalline phases. As a result, bioactive nanomaterials subjected to step annealing at 550°C along with 600°C exhibited superior compatibility with erythrocytes. Bioglass heat treated at 800°C revealed incredible blood clotting efficacy, in which Ca²⁺ ions initiated the thrombotic effect, blood components were concentrated due to the effect of calcium, and enhances the hemostatic performance. Bioactive glass annealed below 800°C facilitates the biocompatibility, subsequently encourage bone ingrowths at in vivo. Bioglass-800°C inspired the fibrin formation and induced clot as a hemostat to control hemorrhage.