Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

1.2K
Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
1.2K
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

1.1K
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
1.1K
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

94.6K
Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
94.6K
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

3.7K
Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
3.7K
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

1.1K
Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
1.1K
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

737
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
737

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Predicting continuous outcomes: Some new tests of associative approaches to contingency learning.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same author

The time-course of action control: measuring conditioned action tendencies and action suppression using transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)·2025
Same author

Attention and prediction error as mechanisms for theory protection?

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2025
Same author

Evidence for rule versus exemplar learning strategies as stable individual differences independent from working memory.

Memory & cognition·2025
Same author

Community health workers' counseling is based on a deficit model of behavior change.

PLOS global public health·2025
Same author

A grain of truth in the grain size effect: Retrieval practice is more effective when interspersed during learning.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2024
Same journal

Memory loves company: Related object pairs benefit working memory.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

Ranschburg unrepeated.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times: Evidence for switch cost beyond stimulus-response tasks.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

Testing the predictions of a distinctiveness model of memory: The production effect in backward recall.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

On the impact of adjacency on transposed-word effects under serial presentation.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

It's time to opt out: Metacognitive analysis of time regulation under uncertainty.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans
11:09

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans

Published on: July 17, 2021

3.3K

Relational rule discovery in complex discrimination learning.

Hilary J Don1, Micah B Goldwater1, Justine K Greenaway1

  • 1Department of Psychology, The University of Sydney.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|May 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Training methods significantly impact learning abstract rules. Clustering training instances aids rule transfer, especially for complex rules, while blocking trials benefits only advanced discriminations, highlighting the importance of tailored learning conditions.

More Related Videos

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice
08:35

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Published on: January 22, 2016

12.6K
Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

17.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 22, 2025

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans
11:09

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans

Published on: July 17, 2021

3.3K
An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice
08:35

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Published on: January 22, 2016

12.6K
Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

17.8K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Learning Sciences

Background:

  • Abstract relational rule learning is crucial for education.
  • Understanding factors that facilitate relational transfer is essential for effective pedagogy.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the impact of training conditions on relational transfer across different discrimination complexities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different training conditions influence relational transfer in simple (patterning) and complex (biconditional) discriminations.
  • To determine the differential effects of trial sequencing on learning abstract rules.
  • To examine the role of individual differences in cognitive reflection under varying training conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Participants were trained on patterning and biconditional discriminations under varied trial-sequencing conditions.
  • The study manipulated the clustering and blocking of training instances.
  • Cognitive reflection was assessed to explore its interaction with training methods.

Main Results:

  • The amount of training had minimal impact on relational transfer.
  • Clustering training instances improved transfer for both simple and complex rules, irrespective of cognitive reflection.
  • Blocking trials enhanced transfer only for biconditional discriminations, and cognitive reflection predicted rule use under suboptimal training.

Conclusions:

  • Trial sequencing, not just training duration, critically affects relational transfer.
  • The effectiveness of specific training strategies (clustering vs. blocking) depends on discrimination complexity.
  • Individual differences, like cognitive reflection, play a role in rule learning, particularly under less optimal training conditions.