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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

1.7K
When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...
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Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

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Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
An example of an antidote is atropine, which counteracts the detrimental effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. It achieves this by deactivating muscarinic receptors,...
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Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents HPHC
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High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents HPHC

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Chromium Morpho-Phytotoxicity.

Abdul Wakeel1, Ming Xu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Chromium (Cr) pollution harms plants by inhibiting growth and reducing crop yield. This review details Cr

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Plant Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Chromium (Cr) is a chronic pollutant released by industries, accumulating in agricultural lands.
  • Cr contamination significantly reduces crop yield and quality, impacting plant growth and development.
  • Cr-induced impairments include biochemical, molecular, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and hormonal disruptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review scientific reports on chromium morpho-phytotoxicity from 2009-2019.
  • To focus on Cr-induced inhibition of seed germination and biomass production.
  • To discuss Cr-mediated reduction in plant organ growth and nutrient uptake interference.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of Cr phytotoxicity studies.
  • Analysis of reports focusing on seed germination, biomass, and organ development.
Keywords:
biomasschromiumgrowth retardationnutrients uptakeplant

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  • Development of functional models for Cr uptake, nutrient interference, and environmental pathways.

    • Main Results:

    • Chromium excess accumulation inhibits seed germination and reduces total biomass production.
    • Cr significantly impairs root, branch, and leaf growth and development.
    • Cr uptake interferes with essential macro- and micro-nutrient absorption by plants.

    Conclusions:

    • Chromium contamination poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity.
    • Cr inhibits plant growth and development through direct accumulation and nutrient uptake disruption.
    • Functional models illustrate Cr's industrial release, environmental accumulation, and phytotoxic effects.