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Darwin's naturalization conundrum can be explained by spatial scale.

Daniel S Park1,2, Xiao Feng3,4, Brian S Maitner2

  • 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; danielpark@fas.harvard.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biological invasions are influenced by species relatedness, with scale and climate playing key roles. Darwin's opposing hypotheses on invasion success are reconciled by considering these factors.

Keywords:
Darwin’s naturalization hypothesisbiological invasionscompetitionenvironmental filteringspatial resolution

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Botany

Background:

  • Darwin proposed two conflicting hypotheses on biological invasions: preadaptation (related species succeed) and competition-relatedness (unrelated species succeed).
  • A consensus on which hypothesis explains invasion outcomes remains elusive.
  • Understanding invasion dynamics is crucial for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically test Darwin's opposing hypotheses on biological invasions using the flora of the United States.
  • To investigate the influence of taxonomic and phylogenetic relatedness between native and nonnative species on invasion success.
  • To assess the role of spatial scale and climate in shaping invasion patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Examined patterns of native and nonnative species relatedness across thousands of nested locations in the United States.
  • Analyzed data across local, regional, and continental spatial scales.
  • Correlated species relatedness patterns with environmental factors, including climate.

Main Results:

  • The probability of environmental filtering signatures over competition signatures increased with spatial scale.
  • Native and nonnative species were less related in warm, humid environments.
  • Spatial scale and climate significantly influence the relative importance of environmental filtering versus competition.

Conclusions:

  • Darwin's seemingly contradictory hypotheses on biological invasions are not mutually exclusive.
  • The outcome of biological invasions is scale-dependent and influenced by climatic conditions.
  • This study provides empirical evidence reconciling Darwin's hypotheses and highlights the importance of scale and climate in invasion ecology.