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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
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Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions02:11

Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions

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This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
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Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides01:18

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

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Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.
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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Natural Ascorbic Acid Analogues and Choline Chloride.

Andrew J Maneffa1, Adrian B Harrison2, Stewart J Radford3

  • 1Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington YO10 5DD United Kingdom.

Chemistryopen
|May 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed new deep eutectic solvents (DES) using natural l-ascorbic acid analogues. These novel DES exhibit favorable properties for green technology applications, expanding sustainable material options.

Keywords:
deep eutectic solventsdifferential scanning calorimetrygreen chemistrylactonesrheology

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are recognized as sustainable alternatives in chemical processes.
  • There is an ongoing demand for novel DES derived from natural and bio-based components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel DES utilizing natural analogues of l-ascorbic acid.
  • To explore the physicochemical properties and potential applications of these bio-derived DES.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of DES from l-ascorbic acid analogues.
  • Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine melting points and glass transition temperatures.
  • Viscosity and flow behavior measurements.

Main Results:

  • Eutectic melting observed significantly below individual component melting points.
  • Formation of glass-forming fluids with comparable glass transition temperatures and viscosities to existing DES.
  • Demonstrated potential for supercooling and vitrification.

Conclusions:

  • Successfully prepared novel DES from naturally occurring l-ascorbic acid analogues.
  • These DES possess desirable physicochemical properties, including vitrification potential and apparent antibacterial activity.
  • Expanded the library of bio-derived DES for potential use in diverse applications.