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Self-Administered Skills-Based Virtual Reality Intervention for Chronic Pain: Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

Beth D Darnall1, Parthasarathy Krishnamurthy2, Jeannette Tsuei3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.

JMIR Formative Research
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PubMed
Summary

Virtual reality (VR) offers a feasible and engaging approach for at-home chronic pain management. This digital behavioral therapy showed significant improvements in pain intensity, interference, sleep, mood, and stress compared to audio-only treatment.

Keywords:
behavioral medicinechronic painmobile phonerandomized controlled trialself-managementvirtual reality

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Area of Science:

  • Digital Health
  • Behavioral Medicine
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Chronic pain patients often lack access to comprehensive behavioral pain management.
  • Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging digital therapy with known analgesic effects for acute pain.
  • Limited research exists on skills-based VR programs for chronic pain populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a self-administered VR program for chronic pain.
  • To assess the preliminary efficacy of VR on pain intensity, activity interference, stress, mood, and sleep.
  • To compare VR treatment against an audio-only control in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to isolate immersive effects.

Main Methods:

  • An RCT was conducted with 97 adults (18-75 years) experiencing chronic nonmalignant pain.
  • Participants were randomized to a 21-day skills-based VR program or an audio-only version.
  • Feasibility was assessed via engagement, satisfaction, and adverse effects; efficacy was measured through surveys.

Main Results:

  • High engagement (1067 VR sessions) and satisfaction (83% VR group) were reported, with minimal adverse effects (76% no nausea).
  • Significant improvements over time were observed for all pain variables in the VR group (P<.001).
  • The VR group showed significantly greater improvements in pain intensity, activity interference, sleep, mood, and stress compared to the audio group.

Conclusions:

  • At-home, skills-based VR is a feasible and acceptable intervention for chronic pain management.
  • VR demonstrates potential for enhanced treatment and greater improvement across multiple pain outcomes.
  • Findings support further research into VR behavioral interventions for chronic pain populations.