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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

194
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
194
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

148
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
148
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

130
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
130
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

170
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
170
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

173
Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
173
Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters01:01

Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters

95
It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
95

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Silver Diamine Fluoride in Children Using Physiologically Based PK Modeling.

K-F Chen1, P Milgrom2, Y S Lin1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Journal of Dental Research
|May 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) can be swallowed, but a new model shows silver levels in children remain below toxic thresholds. This PBPK model predicts silver absorption, aiding safety assessments in pediatric dental care.

Keywords:
computer simulationdental cariesdrug toxicitypediatricspharmacokineticssilver compounds

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology
  • Pediatric Dentistry

Background:

  • Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a topical agent for arresting and preventing dental caries.
  • Systemic absorption of silver can occur following SDF application.
  • Pharmacokinetic studies are challenging in young children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict silver disposition in children.
  • To assess the safety of silver absorption from SDF in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

  • A PBPK model for silver was developed using Simcyp software and literature data.
  • Model predictions were validated against rat and human pharmacokinetic data.
  • The model was applied to pediatric populations, considering developmental changes.

Main Results:

  • The PBPK model accurately predicted silver concentrations in rats and adults.
  • Simulated peak silver concentrations in children varied by age group compared to adults.
  • Plasma and tissue silver concentrations were predicted to return to baseline within 2 weeks.

Conclusions:

  • PBPK modeling provides a viable alternative for studying dental agent pharmacokinetics in children.
  • SDF application for dental caries in children results in silver concentrations below toxic levels.
  • The developed PBPK model supports the safety evaluation of SDF in pediatric dentistry.