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Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Bone Regeneration with Vascularized Artificial Cartilage Integration
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Author Spotlight: Enhancing Bone Regeneration with Vascularized Artificial Cartilage Integration

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Encouraging cartilage production.

H Scott Stadler1,2

  • 1Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, United States.

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|May 7, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A long non-coding RNA, GRASLND, is crucial for stem cells to form stable cartilage. This discovery advances understanding of cartilage development and regeneration.

Keywords:
humanmesenchymal stem cellsregenerative medicinernf144a-as1stem cellstissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Cartilage is vital for joint function and is prone to degeneration.
  • Stem cells offer potential for cartilage repair, but their differentiation needs precise regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in stem cell differentiation for cartilage formation.
  • To identify specific lncRNAs involved in maintaining chondrogenic stability.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of lncRNA expression in differentiating stem cells.
  • Functional studies using GRASLND knockdown and overexpression in vitro.
  • Assessment of stem cell differentiation markers and cartilage matrix production.

Main Results:

  • The lncRNA GRASLND was identified as highly expressed during chondrogenesis.
  • Knockdown of GRASLND impaired stem cell differentiation and reduced cartilage matrix formation.
  • GRASLND is essential for maintaining the stability and function of stem cells in creating cartilage.

Conclusions:

  • GRASLND plays a critical role in regulating stem cell differentiation into stable chondrocytes.
  • Targeting GRASLND may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for cartilage repair and osteoarthritis treatment.