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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel01:27

Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel

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Trapezoidal channels are widely used in irrigation systems due to their cost-effectiveness and efficiency in conveying water. Trapezoidal channels feature a flat bottom and sloping sides, making them stable and easier to construct compared to other shapes. The bottom width and side slope ratio are determined based on the required flow capacity and site conditions. The side slope is kept gentle for unlined channels to prevent soil erosion.Hydraulic parameters in channel design include the flow...
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Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Weir: Problem Solving01:26

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Water flow in open channels is often measured using hydraulic structures such as weirs, which allow precise calculation of discharge. In a rectangular channel, flow rates are measured using three types of weirs: rectangular sharp-crested, triangular sharp-crested, and broad-crested. The weir head is set at a fixed height above the channel bottom, simplifying calculations and enabling the relationship between depth and flow rate to be analyzed.For the rectangular sharp-crested weir, the flow...
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Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway01:21

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

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Scaled hydraulic models of dam spillways provide a practical way to replicate and study the intricate flow dynamics of these structures. Often built to a 1:15 ratio, these models allow for observing critical water behavior, such as velocity distribution, flow patterns, and energy dissipation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility
13:48

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Published on: August 8, 2014

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Improving border irrigation performance with predesigned varied-discharge.

Kaihua Liu1,2, Xiyun Jiao1,2,3, Weihua Guo2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.

Plos One
|May 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Decreased-discharge border irrigation significantly boosts water use efficiency and performance in wheat production. This optimized scheme offers a robust solution for improving irrigation in water-scarce regions.

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Engineering
  • Water Resource Management
  • Irrigation Science

Background:

  • Wheat production in the North China Plain is severely limited by insufficient water resources.
  • Improving border irrigation performance and water use efficiency is crucial for sustainable agriculture in this region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a predesigned varied-discharge irrigation scheme for closed-ended borders.
  • To assess the irrigation performance, including application efficiency (AE), distribution uniformity (DU), and requirement efficiency (RE), of different discharge strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted field tests comparing continuous-discharge (CD), increased-discharge (ID), and decreased-discharge (DD) border irrigation.
  • Utilized the WinSRFR hydraulic simulation model for scheme optimization.
  • Performed sensitivity analyses on key hydraulic parameters like infiltration, roughness, slope, and inflow rate.

Main Results:

  • The decreased-discharge (DD) border irrigation treatment demonstrated superior irrigation performance, achieving high average AE (91.4%), DU (95.5%), and RE (99.5%).
  • DD treatment recorded the highest comprehensive evaluation indicator (Y) at 95.4%, significantly outperforming other treatments.
  • The predesigned varied-discharge scheme, particularly DD, showed greater robustness compared to the increased-discharge (ID) scheme.

Conclusions:

  • The predesigned varied-discharge border irrigation scheme effectively enhances overall irrigation performance.
  • Decreased-discharge border irrigation is a highly effective and robust strategy for improving water use efficiency in water-limited environments.
  • Optimized irrigation schemes are essential for addressing water scarcity challenges in agricultural production.