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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Assessing the Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I on Primary Murine Hippocampal Neurons by Flow Cytometry
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MHC Class I Regulation: The Origin Perspective.

Alicja Sznarkowska1, Sara Mikac1, Magdalena Pilch1

  • 1International Center for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.

Cancers
|May 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Viral elements in "junk DNA" regulate gene expression, particularly in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region. These elements are key to adaptive immunity evolution and offer potential cancer diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
ERVsHERVsMHC class Iadaptive immunitymiRNAsnon-coding RNAsviruses in evolution

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Last Updated: Dec 22, 2025

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Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous &#946;2-Microglobulin
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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Non-coding RNAs and viral-derived elements within

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of viral-mediated elements in the origin and evolution of adaptive immunity.
  • To connect viral elements to the regulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I genes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on viral elements, non-coding RNAs, and MHC gene regulation.
  • Analysis of the regulatory network controlling MHC expression, focusing on virus-derived components.

Main Results:

  • Viral-derived elements and non-coding RNAs are crucial for flexible, context-dependent gene expression, especially within the MHC region.
  • These elements influence the expression of MHC I, II, and III genes, modulating immune responses to environmental stimuli.
  • Virus-derived elements act as binding sites for immune transcription factors and sources of regulatory non-coding RNAs.

Conclusions:

  • The complex regulation of MHC expression is significantly influenced by virus-derived elements.
  • Imbalanced regulatory RNAs are observed in cancer, suggesting their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.