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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

1.7K
Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms
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Autoimmune hepatitis and pregnancy.

A Braga1, C Vasconcelos2, J Braga3

  • 1Maternal Foetal Unit, Centro Materno Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Oporto, Portugal; Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Oporto University, Oporto, Portugal.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|May 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in pregnancy requires careful management. While outcomes have improved with multidisciplinary care, risks of preterm birth and liver flares persist, necessitating close monitoring.

Keywords:
Autoimmune hepatitisAutoimmunityAzathioprineLiver cirrhosisPregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare autoimmune liver disease primarily affecting women of reproductive age.
  • Diagnosing AIH can be challenging, requiring exclusion of other chronic liver diseases.
  • Pregnancy in women with AIH historically carried high risks of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of autoimmune hepatitis in pregnancy.
  • To assess the impact of improved management strategies on maternal and fetal outcomes.
  • To highlight ongoing challenges and the need for close surveillance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical series and older studies on AIH in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of outcomes in patients receiving multidisciplinary care before and during pregnancy.
  • Comparison of maternal and fetal complication rates.

Main Results:

  • Improved multidisciplinary care has led to better maternal outcomes and live-birth rates comparable to the general population.
  • Reduced incidence of cirrhosis at conception contributes to improved outcomes.
  • Despite advances, AIH in pregnancy remains associated with preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and unpredictable liver flares.

Conclusions:

  • Modern management has significantly improved pregnancy outcomes for women with AIH.
  • Close, multidisciplinary evaluation throughout pregnancy is crucial for managing AIH patients.
  • AIH in pregnancy still presents unique risks requiring vigilant monitoring and specialized care.