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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Recurrent Shoulder Posteroinferior Subluxation Status Post Reverse Remplissage.

Adam J Engel¹, William A Forshee², Christopher Wasyliw¹

¹Diagnostic Radiology, Florida Hospital-Orlando, Orlando, USA.

|May 8, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Posterior shoulder dislocation is a rare injury often missed, potentially causing long-term arm dysfunction. Surgical options like the reverse remplissage procedure exist but have debated success rates for posterior instability.

Keywords:

glenohumeral humeral head instability mclaughlin posterior dislocation reverse hill-sachs deformity reverse remplissage seizure shoulder

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Traumatology

Background:

Posterior shoulder dislocation is an uncommon injury.
It often results from intense external rotator muscle contraction (seizures, trauma, electrical shock).
Delayed diagnosis can lead to significant complications like functional deficits and humeral head osteonecrosis.

Observation:

The diagnosis of posterior shoulder dislocation is frequently missed or delayed.
Repeated glenohumeral joint insults can cause posterior instability.
A reverse Hill-Sachs lesion (anteromedial humeral head fracture) may occur.

Findings:

Closed reduction is an option for initial dislocations.
Surgical interventions for posterior instability include the modified McLaughlin procedure (reverse remplissage).
The efficacy of the reverse remplissage procedure remains controversial.

Implications:

Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial to prevent long-term complications.
Further research is needed to clarify the success rates of surgical interventions for posterior shoulder instability.
Understanding these injuries aids in developing better treatment strategies for athletes and trauma patients.