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Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Cystometric and External Urethral Sphincter Measurements in Awake Rats with Implanted Catheter and Electrodes Allowing for Repeated Measurements

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An Instrumented Urethral Catheter with a Distributed Array of Iontronic Force Sensors.

Ye Zhang¹, Mahdi Ahmadi¹, Gerald Timm²

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

|May 8, 2020

Summary

This study introduces a novel 3D-printed urethral catheter with supercapacitive force sensors to measure urethral pressure. This innovation offers a sensitive, liquid-immune solution for diagnosing conditions like urinary incontinence.

Keywords:

Catheter pressure sensors In vivo force sensors Instrumented catheter Iontronic sensors Parasitic capacitance Supercapacitive sensors Urethral sensors

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Sensor Technology

Background:

Accurate measurement of urethral pressure is crucial for diagnosing urinary incontinence and related conditions.
Existing methods for urethral pressure measurement have limitations in sensitivity and susceptibility to fluid interference.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a novel instrumented urethral catheter with an array of supercapacitive force sensors for measuring distributed urethral pressure.
To create a flexible, highly sensitive, and liquid-immune pressure sensing device.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a 3D-printed urethral catheter using soft and hard polymer substrates.
Integration of novel supercapacitive (iontronic) force sensors with electrodes and paper-based electrolytes.
Testing the catheter using a force calibration rig, pressure cuff device, and ex vivo sheep bladder and urethra models.
Evaluation of sensor performance in water to assess liquid immunity.

Main Results:

The developed supercapacitive force sensors exhibit high sensitivity (30-50 nF/N), approximately 1000 times greater than traditional capacitive sensors.
The sensors demonstrate negligible capacitance change in water, indicating immunity to liquid interference.
Validation of reliable distributed force measurements through pressure cuff and ex vivo tissue tests.

Conclusions:

The novel 3D-printed urethral catheter with supercapacitive sensors provides a sensitive and robust solution for measuring urethral pressure.
This technology has the potential to significantly improve the diagnosis of urinary incontinence and urethral closure pressure deficits.
The liquid-immune nature of the iontronic sensors enhances their applicability in physiological environments.