[Endocrine Dysfunction Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade]

Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)have been widely used in patients with advanced malignancies. However, these drugs can cause immune-related adverse events(irAEs)in several organs, including lung, skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, nerve, muscle, and endocrine organs. Endocrine irAEs include hypopituitarism, primary adrenal insufficiency, thyroid dysfunction, hypoparathyroidism, and type 1 diabetes mellitus, which can result in life-threatening consequences, such as adrenal crisis, thyroid storm, severe hypocalcemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Therefore, it is important to understand the clinical features of each endocrine irAE and to manage them appropriately. Recently, we have reported that the presence ofanti -thyroid antibodies at baseline become a biomarker to find the high-risk patients for thyroid dysfunction induced by anti-PD-1 antibody, nivolumab.