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Histamine H2 receptors, which are intricately located on the basolateral membrane of parietal cells, play a crucial role in modulating gastric acid secretion. When released from enterochromaffin-like cells, histamine engages H2 receptors, initiating the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway. In this pathway, adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP, elevating intracellular cAMP levels. The activation of protein kinase A follows, stimulating the proton pump. This stimulation prompts the secretion of hydrogen...
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Hiccups: A Non-Systematic Review.

Alexander K C Leung1, Amy A M Leung2, Alex H C Wong3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary and The Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Current Pediatric Reviews
|May 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hiccups are usually harmless, but persistent cases can signal serious illness. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, with various methods available when needed.

Keywords:
Gastric overdistensionhiccoughphrenic nervesingultussympathetic nervesvagal nerve

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Gastroenterology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Hiccups are a common, typically benign, and self-limiting phenomenon.
  • Persistent or intractable hiccups, though rare, can be debilitating and indicative of underlying pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide physicians with comprehensive knowledge on the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management of hiccups in children.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed Clinical Queries using terms like "hiccup" and "singultus".
  • Included were clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published in English within the last 10 years.

Main Results:

  • Common causes of acute hiccups include stomach overdistension, gastroesophageal reflux, and gastritis.
  • Persistent hiccups may stem from gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, infectious, or psychogenic disorders.
  • Diagnosis relies on detailed history and physical examination; treatment targets the underlying cause.

Conclusions:

  • Acute hiccups are generally benign, but persistent cases warrant investigation for serious underlying conditions.
  • Treatment options range from lifestyle changes and physical maneuvers to pharmacotherapy and surgery.
  • Further high-quality research is needed to establish evidence-based guidelines for hiccup management.