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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Long Non-coding RNAs in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

Damodaran Narayanan1, Rakesh Mandal1, Heather Hardin1

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792-8550, USA.

Endocrine Pathology
|May 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) accurately identifies pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), including poorly differentiated types. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) like HOTAIR, MEG3, and PCA3 show higher expression in aggressive NENs, suggesting prognostic and therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
INSM1Long non-coding RNAPulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms

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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA
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RNA Pull-down Procedure to Identify RNA Targets of a Long Non-coding RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) require precise classification due to differing therapeutic strategies.
  • Challenges in NEN diagnosis include overlapping histological features and reduced neuroendocrine marker expression in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs).
  • Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) has emerged as a sensitive marker for neuroendocrine differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate INSM1 as a sensitive diagnostic marker for pulmonary NENs, particularly poorly differentiated NECs.
  • To characterize the expression and functional role of specific long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in various pulmonary NEN subtypes.
  • To explore the potential of lncRNAs as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets for pulmonary NENs.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry was used to detect INSM1 expression in pulmonary NENs.
  • In situ hybridization and real-time polymerase chain reaction were employed to quantify lncRNA expression (HOTAIR, MEG3, PCA3) across NEN subtypes.
  • Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was utilized to investigate the functional role of MEG3 and PCA3 in tumor proliferation.

Main Results:

  • INSM1 expression was detected in over 94% of pulmonary NENs, confirming its high sensitivity and utility for identifying poorly differentiated NECs.
  • Higher expression of HOTAIR, MEG3, and PCA3 was observed in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC/NEC) compared to other NEN subtypes (p < 0.01).
  • MEG3 and PCA3 knockdown using siRNA demonstrated a role in regulating tumor cell proliferation.

Conclusions:

  • INSM1 is a highly sensitive immunohistochemical marker for diagnosing pulmonary NENs, aiding in the identification of challenging cases.
  • Specific lncRNAs (HOTAIR, MEG3, PCA3) are differentially expressed in pulmonary NEN subtypes, with elevated levels in aggressive forms.
  • These lncRNAs represent potential prognostic biomarkers for NEN aggressiveness and novel therapeutic targets.