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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
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Nomograms and tabulations are vital tools used by clinicians to design accurate and individualized dosage regimens. These instruments provide a straightforward method for adjusting dosages based on individual patient characteristics, including age, weight, and physiological condition. The foundation of a drug's nomogram is population pharmacokinetic data collected and analyzed using specific models. This data simplifies complex equations, presenting them diagrammatically or tabularly for easy...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
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Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

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A Nomogram for Predicting Stroke Recurrence Among Young Adults.

Kang Yuan1, Jingjing Chen1, Pengfei Xu2

  • 1From the Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China (K.Y., J.C., G.X., X.L.).

Stroke
|May 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a nomogram to predict stroke recurrence in young adults. The tool uses factors like hypertension, diabetes, and smoking to identify high-risk individuals.

Keywords:
atherosclerosiscalibrationhypertensionnomogramsyoung adult

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epidemiology
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Stroke recurrence poses a significant risk, particularly in young adults.
  • Predictive tools for stroke recurrence in this demographic are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a nomogram for predicting the risk of stroke recurrence in young adults (18-49 years) after an ischemic stroke.
  • To stratify patients into distinct risk categories for targeted intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Nanjing Stroke Registry Program, including 604 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke.
  • Employed a stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression model to identify significant predictors.
  • Validated the nomogram's discrimination and calibration in training and validation cohorts.

Main Results:

  • Key predictors identified: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, current smoking status, stroke cause (small-vessel occlusion vs. large-artery atherosclerosis), and years of education.
  • Hypertension (HR 2.038), diabetes (HR 3.224), and smoking (HR 2.491) increased stroke recurrence risk.
  • Higher education (HR 0.070) was inversely correlated with recurrence risk.
  • The developed nomogram successfully stratified patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups (P<0.001).

Conclusions:

  • A nomogram incorporating hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, stroke cause, and education years can effectively predict stroke recurrence risk in young adults.
  • This tool aids in identifying high-risk young adults for stroke prevention strategies.