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Equilibrium and Balance

Equilibrium and Balance

The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...

The Vestibular System

The Vestibular System

The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.

Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems

Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems

Published on: April 18, 2019

Computing Endolymph Hydrodynamics During Head Impulse Test on Normal and Hydropic Vestibular Labyrinth Models.

Jorge Rey-Martinez¹, Xabier Altuna¹, Kai Cheng²

¹Neurotology Unit, ENT Department, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián - Donostia, Spain.

Frontiers in Neurology

|May 12, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Endolymphatic hydrops can mechanically enhance eye velocity responses during head impulse tests. Computational models show hydrops increases endolymphatic pressure, boosting the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain.

Keywords:

CFD VOR clinical sign endolymphatic hydrops enhanced eye velocity menière disease vHIT

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Last Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems

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Published on: April 18, 2019

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Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

Published on: May 23, 2013

Area of Science:

Vestibular neurophysiology
Computational fluid dynamics
Biomedical engineering

Background:

Recent findings suggest enhanced eye velocity in video head impulse tests may stem from endolymphatic hydrops.
This effect could be a direct mechanical consequence of hydrops on the horizontal semicircular canal receptor.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a computational model simulating biologic geometry.
To test if endolymphatic hydrops mechanically causes enhanced eye velocity responses during head impulse tests.

Main Methods:

Utilized Navier-Stokes equations in three biologic-based geometry models.
Simulated six head impulses with increasing peak velocity for each model.
Modeled conditions of no hydrops, canal hydrops, and utricular hydrops.

Main Results:

Increased endolymphatic pressure observed at the ampulla in canal and utricular hydrops models.
Mean vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain was 1.01 (no hydrops), 1.14 (canal hydrops), and 1.10 (utricular hydrops).

Conclusions:

Computational models support the hypothesis that endolymphatic hydrops enhances VOR gain.
Moderate hydrops affecting the horizontal semicircular canal and utricle can increase VOR gain by approximately 1.14.
Eye velocity responses are enhanced in hydrops conditions, particularly for impulses to the right side.