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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Understanding Consciousness01:23

Understanding Consciousness

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Consciousness can be defined as the state of being aware of and able to think about one's existence, sensations, and surroundings. It encompasses two major components: awareness and arousal. Awareness pertains to the recognition of environmental stimuli and internal states. At the same time, arousal refers to the physiological readiness to engage with these stimuli, which varies significantly between states like sleep and wakefulness.
Sleep, a crucial state, is characterized by reduced...
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Altered States of Awareness01:06

Altered States of Awareness

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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
The ingestion of substances like stimulants or hallucinogens leads to chemical alterations in the brain...
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Dissociative Disorders01:27

Dissociative Disorders

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Dissociative disorders represent complex psychological conditions characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. These disruptions cause individuals to experience a disconnection from their thoughts, emotions, and memories. The phenomenon is not merely an occasional lapse in attention but a profound alteration in mental functioning that can severely impact daily life.
Dissociative Fugue
A hallmark feature of dissociative disorders is the dissociative fugue...
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)01:32

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

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Postsynaptic potential (PSP) refers to a change in the electrical potential of a neuron when neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons bind to postsynaptic receptors. This potential can either be excitatory, leading to depolarization and ultimately action potential generation, or inhibitory, leading to hyperpolarization and suppression of the postsynaptic neuron.
There are two types of receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue
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The postictal state - What do we know?

Julia C M Pottkämper1,2,3, Jeannette Hofmeijer1,3, Jeroen A van Waarde2

  • 1Clinical Neurophysiology, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.

Epilepsia
|May 13, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This review covers key discoveries and recent developments in understanding the postictal state, including symptoms, pathophysiology, and current treatments for epilepsy.

Keywords:
SUDEPepilepsypostictal suppressionpostictal symptomspostictal treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epileptology
  • Clinical Neuroscience

Background:

  • The postictal state, a period of altered consciousness and neurological function following a seizure, remains incompletely understood.
  • Despite its clinical significance in epilepsy management, comprehensive reviews integrating historical and recent findings are scarce.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the postictal state, synthesizing major discoveries and recent advancements.
  • To define the postictal state, detail its clinical manifestations and symptoms, and review underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • To discuss current therapeutic strategies for managing the postictal phase of seizures.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review methodology was employed.
  • Literature search focused on significant discoveries and recent developments concerning the postictal state.
  • Key aspects covered include definition, symptoms, clinical findings, pathophysiology, and treatment.

Main Results:

  • The review defines the postictal state and elaborates on its diverse clinical symptoms and manifestations.
  • It details significant pathophysiological insights gained over decades of research.
  • Current treatment options for the postictal state are systematically reviewed.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough understanding of the postictal state is crucial for comprehensive epilepsy care.
  • Continued research into pathophysiology is essential for developing targeted treatments.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge, offering a valuable resource for clinicians and researchers.