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Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats
Published on: December 6, 2024
Ella E Bauer1,2,3, Trevor J Buhr1,2, Carter H Reed1,3,4
1Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, 2302 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Regular exercise may improve brain function by altering adenosine and dopamine receptor levels in the striatum. This study found exercise helps maintain healthy adenosine receptor levels and increases dopamine D2 receptors, potentially enhancing dopaminergic signaling.
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