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Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

It is essential to understand the difference between chiral and achiral interactions and the implications thereof in optical activity and their applications. Just as our feet, which are chiral, interact uniquely with chiral objects, such as a pair of shoes, but identically with achiral socks, enantiomers of a molecule exhibit different properties only when they interact with other chiral media. An example of a significant implication from this facet is the phenomenon known as optical activity,...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...

Naming Enantiomers

Naming Enantiomers

The naming of enantiomers employs the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules that involve assigning priorities to different substituent groups at a chiral center. Each enantiomer, being a distinct molecule, is assigned a unique name by the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) rules, also called the R–S system. The prefix R- or S- attached to the chiral centers in an enantiomer is dependent on the spatial arrangement of the four substituents on the chiral center. The R–S system essentially comprises three...

Isomerism

Isomerism

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Isomers can be further classified into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional isomers differ in the connectivity of their constituent atoms. For example, 2-butanol and diethyl ether are constitutional isomers, as they have the same chemical formula, C4H10O, but differ in the connectivity of the carbon and oxygen atoms. Constitutional isomers have different physical and chemical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Published on: September 25, 2020

Observer metamerism in commercial displays.

Hao Xie, Susan P Farnand, Michael J Murdoch

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision

|May 14, 2020

Summary

Observer metamerism (OM) causes color mismatches between displays due to individual vision differences. This study presents a new metric to predict and quantify potential OM in display calibration.

Area of Science:

Color Science
Human Visual Perception
Display Technology

Background:

Observer metamerism (OM) arises from individual variations in color matching functions.
This phenomenon can lead to perceived color differences between displays for different observers.
Accurate display calibration and characterization are crucial in many applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a predictive model for observer metamerism (OM).
To quantify the potential for OM between commercial display pairs.
To propose and validate a novel OM metric.

Main Methods:

Utilized existing color difference metrics to assess potential OM.
Developed a new metric specifically for quantifying OM.

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Last Updated: Dec 21, 2025

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Published on: September 25, 2020

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Conducted a psychophysical experiment to verify the proposed OM metric.

Main Results:

Demonstrated the ability of existing metrics to quantify potential OM.
The proposed OM metric showed good agreement with experimental results.
Quantified OM potential across various commercial display pairs.

Conclusions:

The developed OM metric effectively predicts observer-dependent color differences.
This metric aids in improving display calibration and characterization.
Understanding and predicting OM is essential for consistent color reproduction across observers.