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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit
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Human milk composition differs by maternal BMI in the first 9 months postpartum.

Clark R Sims1, Melissa E Lipsmeyer2, Donald E Turner1

  • 1Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA.

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|May 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Maternal obesity alters human milk composition, increasing insulin and leptin. Infants of overweight/obese mothers receive higher bioactive concentrations, impacting infant growth parameters more than macronutrients.

Keywords:
C-reactive proteinenergyhuman milkinsulinleptinmacronutrientsobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Human milk composition and infant development
  • Maternal metabolic health and infant outcomes
  • Bioactive components in human milk

Background:

  • Maternal weight status is known to influence human milk composition, but existing research presents conflicting findings.
  • Understanding these modulations is crucial for infant nutrition and health.
  • Previous studies have not consistently detailed the impact of maternal body composition on specific milk bioactive components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between maternal body composition and the macronutrient and bioactive components of human milk.
  • To examine the association of these milk components with infant daily intake and body composition.
  • To clarify the impact of maternal overweight/obesity on human milk composition and its implications for infants.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW) mothers (N=174) from 0.5 to 9 months postpartum.
  • Human milk analysis for macronutrients (mid-infrared spectroscopy) and bioactive components (leptin, insulin, CRP; electrochemiluminescence immunoassays).
  • Infant body composition assessed via quantitative MRI; statistical analysis using linear mixed models adjusted for postpartum age and infant sex.

Main Results:

  • Human milk from OW mothers showed higher fat and protein, and lower carbohydrate content at certain time points compared to NW mothers.
  • OW mothers' milk had significantly higher concentrations of leptin, insulin, and CRP.
  • Infants of OW mothers were exposed to 1.5-2.5 times higher leptin and insulin concentrations, with larger effects on infant growth parameters compared to macronutrients.

Conclusions:

  • Infants born to overweight/obese mothers are exposed to elevated levels of insulin, leptin, and CRP in human milk.
  • The bioavailability and specific mechanisms of action of these human milk bioactives in infants require further investigation.
  • Maternal body composition significantly influences the bioactive profile of human milk, with potential implications for infant development.