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Negative Regulator Molecules

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.

Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division

Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division

Several external and internal factors influence the initiation and inhibition of cell division. For instance, the death of nearby cells or the release of human growth hormone (hGH) promotes cell division. In contrast, lack of hGH or crowding of cells can inhibit cell division.
Several proteins function as internal regulators to ensure each cell cycle stage is completed faithfully before proceeding to the next. Regulator molecules may act directly or influence the activity or production of other...

Inhibition of Cdk Activity

Inhibition of Cdk Activity

The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

To consistently produce healthy cells, the cell cycle—the process that generates daughter cells—must be precisely regulated.

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.

The Cell Cycle Control System

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are the primary cell cycle regulators and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Published on: June 6, 2017

S-phase Enriched Non-coding RNAs Regulate Gene Expression and Cell Cycle Progression.

Ozlem Yildirim¹, Enver C Izgu², Manashree Damle³

¹Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

|May 14, 2020

Summary

Researchers identified over 900 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) synthesized during S-phase, with over 200 long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) showing S-phase specific expression. Three lincRNAs were essential for proper cell cycle progression.

Keywords:

S-phase cell cycle click chemistry lincRNA metabolic labeling nascent RNA non-coding RNA

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5-Ethynyl-2'-Deoxyuridine/Phospho-Histone H3 Dual-Labeling Protocol for Cell Cycle Progression Analysis in Drosophila Neural Stem Cells

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Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

Published on: March 5, 2019

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Last Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Published on: June 6, 2017

5-Ethynyl-2'-Deoxyuridine/Phospho-Histone H3 Dual-Labeling Protocol for Cell Cycle Progression Analysis in Drosophila Neural Stem Cells

5-Ethynyl-2'-Deoxyuridine/Phospho-Histone H3 Dual-Labeling Protocol for Cell Cycle Progression Analysis in Drosophila Neural Stem Cells

Published on: May 4, 2021

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

Published on: March 5, 2019

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Cell Biology

Background:

Temporal regulation of gene expression is crucial for cell cycle progression.
Many proteins required for S-phase are transcribed during this phase.
The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cell cycle regulation is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential roles of lncRNAs in cell cycle progression.
To identify S-phase-specific lncRNAs in a human cell line.
To characterize the function of novel S-phase-specific lncRNAs.

Main Methods:

Utilized a click-chemistry approach to isolate nascent RNAs.
Analyzed RNA synthesis peaks during the cell cycle.
Identified lncRNAs and long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) with S-phase-specific expression.
Performed knockdown experiments to assess the function of selected lincRNAs.

Main Results:

Identified over 900 lncRNAs with peak synthesis during S-phase.
Discovered more than 200 lincRNAs exhibiting S-phase-specific expression.
Demonstrated that three characterized lincRNAs are essential for appropriate S-phase progression.
Provided a comprehensive catalog of candidate cell-cycle regulatory RNAs.

Conclusions:

lncRNAs play significant roles as regulatory effectors in cell cycle progression.
S-phase-specific lncRNAs are key components of distinct regulatory networks controlling the cell cycle.
This study offers a valuable resource of potential lncRNA regulators for future cell cycle research.