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Laser feedback interferometry in multi-mode terahertz quantum cascade lasers.

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    Summary
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    This study explores laser feedback interferometry (LFI) in terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). We identify three operating regimes and their dependence on gain bandwidth and feedback levels for sensing applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Quantum Electronics
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are crucial for various applications.
    • Laser feedback interferometry (LFI) offers a sensitive measurement technique.
    • Understanding modal characteristics in multi-mode THz QCLs under feedback is essential.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate modal characteristics during LFI in multi-mode THz QCLs.
    • Develop a theoretical model for THz QCLs with optical feedback.
    • Identify and map operating regimes based on laser parameters.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed multi-mode reduced rate equations with gain saturation for a Fabry-Pérot THz QCL.
    • Analyzed the impact of optical feedback and gain bandwidth.
    • Investigated the influence of the linewidth enhancement factor.

    Main Results:

    • Identified three operating regimes: single-mode, multi-mode, and tuneable-mode.
    • Self-mixing signal amplitude is proportional to feedback coupling in single- and multi-mode regimes.
    • This proportionality breaks down in the tuneable-mode regime, dependent on feedback strength and gain bandwidth.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a systematic map of feedback regimes in multi-mode THz QCLs.
    • The findings highlight the potential of LFI in THz QCLs for spectroscopic sensing.
    • Understanding these regimes is key to optimizing LFI performance for THz applications.