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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

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Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels.  Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
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Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory
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In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...
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When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
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Molecular quantum wakes for clearing fog.

Malte C Schroeder, Ilia Larkin, Thomas Produit

    Optics Express
    |May 15, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers used quantum control to clear fog, creating a transparent path for optical communication. This new method avoids plasma generation, enabling data transmission through fog with significant signal improvement.

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum optics
    • Atmospheric optics
    • Laser physics

    Background:

    • High-intensity laser filamentation can clear fog via plasma generation, but requires large diameters and long ranges for applications like free-space optical communication (FSO).
    • Existing plasma-based methods face significant challenges in achieving the required channel size and range for practical FSO.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate a novel quantum control approach for fog clearing.
    • To demonstrate fog clearing without plasma generation or filamentation.
    • To assess the feasibility of transmitting optical data through fog using this quantum method.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing resonant trains of 8 laser pulses, separated by the revival time of molecular nitrogen (N2).
    • Employing quantum control principles to generate molecular quantum wakes in air.

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  • Measuring the optical data transmission through fog under these conditions.

    • Main Results:

    • Fog clearing was achieved through the generation of molecular quantum wakes, independent of plasma or filamentation.
    • The observed effect is linked to the rephasing time of the rotational wave packet in N2.
    • Optical data was successfully transmitted through fog with an initial extinction of -6 dB.

    Conclusions:

    • A novel, plasma-free method for fog clearing based on quantum control has been demonstrated.
    • This quantum wake approach offers a promising alternative for creating transparent atmospheric channels.
    • The technique shows potential for enabling robust free-space optical communication in adverse weather conditions.