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Related Concept Videos

Induced Electric Fields01:23

Induced Electric Fields

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The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...
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Induced Electric Fields: Applications01:27

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An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
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Energy Stored in Capacitors01:10

Energy Stored in Capacitors

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A parallel plate capacitor, when connected to a battery, develops a potential difference across its plates. This potential difference is key to the operation of the capacitor, as it determines how much electrical energy the capacitor can store.
By integrating the equation that relates voltage and current in a capacitor, one can derive an equation for the voltage across the capacitor at any given time. This equation is crucial in understanding and predicting the behavior of capacitors in...
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Velocity Potential01:20

Velocity Potential

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In steady, incompressible flow through a long, straight pipe with a uniform cross-section, the flow in the central region (far from the pipe walls) is irrotational. This irrotational nature means that fluid particles do not rotate around their axes, and a scalar function called the velocity potential, represented by ϕ, can be used to describe their movement. In irrotational flows, the velocity field V is defined as the gradient of the velocity potential:
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Magnetic Vector Potential01:15

Magnetic Vector Potential

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In electrostatics, the electric field can be written as the negative gradient of the potential. In magnetostatics, the zero divergence of the magnetic field ensures that the magnetic field can be expressed as the curl of a vector potential. This potential is known as the magnetic vector potential.
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Energy Stored in a Capacitor01:12

Energy Stored in a Capacitor

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When an archer pulls the string in a bow, he saves the work done in the form of elastic potential energy. When he releases the string, the potential energy is released as kinetic energy of the arrow. A capacitor works on the same principle in which the work done is saved as electric potential energy. The potential energy (UC) could be calculated by measuring the work done (W) to charge the capacitor.
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Pulse dynamics in SESAM-free electrically pumped VECSEL.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study demonstrates self-starting pulsed operation in electrically pumped (EP) vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-lasers (VECSELs) without saturable absorbers. The research achieved picosecond pulses using a VECSEL, paving the way for advanced laser applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Semiconductor Lasers
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Electrically pumped vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-lasers (EP-VECSELs) are promising for various applications.
    • Achieving pulsed operation in VECSELs without saturable absorbers presents a significant challenge.
    • Mode-locking dynamics in semiconductor lasers are complex and require detailed investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate self-starting pulsed operation in an EP-VECSEL without an intracavity saturable absorber.
    • To experimentally characterize the generated picosecond pulses and the transition to pulsed operation.
    • To numerically model and understand the underlying pulse dynamics and identify operation regimes.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a linear hemispherical cavity design with an EP-VECSEL chip and a 10% output coupler.
    • Performed experimental analysis of the output pulse train and continuous-wave to pulsed operation transition.
    • Employed numerical simulations based on a delay-differential-equation (DDE) model for mode-locked semiconductor lasers.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully achieved self-starting pulsed operation in the EP-VECSEL.
    • Generated picosecond pulses with energies of 2.8 pJ and pulse widths of 130 ps at a 1.97 GHz repetition rate.
    • Attributed the single pulse operation to FM-type mode-locking, supported by simulations.

    Conclusions:

    • The demonstrated pulsed operation in EP-VECSELs is achieved without saturable absorbers, simplifying device design.
    • Strong amplitude-phase coupling and spectral filtering within the VECSEL are key mechanisms for pulse formation.
    • The findings contribute to the understanding and development of advanced semiconductor laser technologies.