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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

A Familiarization Protocol Facilitates the Participation of Children with ASD in Electrophysiological Research
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Caregivers can implement play-based instruction without disrupting child preference.

Maegan D Pisman1, Kevin C Luczynski1

  • 1University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute.

Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
|May 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Caregiver training in play-based strategies effectively taught young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) new language skills. The methods enhanced parent-child interaction without reducing engagement in play.

Keywords:
autismbehavioral skills trainingcaregiver trainingconcurrent-chains preference assessmentembedded teachinglabelsmandsnatural environment teachingpreferencerequeststacts

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Applied Behavior Analysis
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder Research

Background:

  • Young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) benefit from systematic skill acquisition.
  • Integrating learning into play-based contexts is a promising approach for caregivers.
  • Caregiver training methods for combined rapport-building and language skill strategies in play are under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of behavioral skills training (BST) for caregivers.
  • To assess caregiver implementation of strategies including parallel play, child-directed interaction, teaching requests (mands), and teaching labels (tacts).
  • To confirm that teaching strategies maintain child engagement and preference for play.

Main Methods:

  • A multiple-probe design across strategies was employed.
  • Two mother-son dyads participated in the study.
  • Behavioral skills training (BST) was used to teach mothers specific strategies.

Main Results:

  • Children acquired target requests (mands) and labels (tacts) following mothers' teaching.
  • Children's engagement with toys and preference for interacting with their mother remained high.
  • Mothers demonstrated generalization of strategies from clinic to home and maintained performance over one month.

Conclusions:

  • Behavioral skills training (BST) is effective in teaching caregivers strategies for early language development in children with ASD.
  • Play-based teaching methods can successfully establish rapport and teach new skills without diminishing child engagement.
  • The trained strategies show promise for generalization and maintenance in natural environments.